General guidance on cross-referencing hydraulic fluids

General guidance on cross-referencing hydraulic fluids.

1. Consult Manufacturer Documentation: Many hydraulic equipment manufacturers provide recommendations for compatible hydraulic fluids in their equipment manuals or maintenance guides. These recommendations are based on the equipment's specifications and requirements.

2. Fluid Properties: When cross-referencing hydraulic fluids, it's important to consider the properties of the fluid, such as viscosity, viscosity index, additives, and compatibility with seals and materials in the hydraulic system. Match these properties as closely as possible when selecting an alternative fluid.

3. ISO Viscosity Grades: Hydraulic fluids are often classified by their ISO viscosity grades. For example, ISO VG 32, ISO VG 46, ISO VG 68, etc. Look for fluids with similar ISO viscosity grades when searching for alternatives.

4. Manufacturer Cross-Reference Guides: Some hydraulic fluid manufacturers provide cross-reference guides or compatibility charts on their websites or product documentation. These guides can help you find equivalent fluids from different brands.

5. Consult with Experts: If you're unsure about which hydraulic fluid to use as a replacement, consider consulting with hydraulic system engineers, fluid suppliers, or equipment manufacturers for recommendations based on your specific application.

Remember that ensuring compatibility is crucial to prevent damage to your hydraulic system and maintain optimal performance. If you have specific brands or types of hydraulic fluids in mind that you need to follow the following cross-reference chart.

 

HFI	Conoco	Mobil	Shell	Chevron	Exxon	Texaco
Hydraulic-150	Super Hydraulic MV 32 SAE5W20	Hydrailic Oil 13 DTE 12M DTE 13M DTE23	Tellus T 32	AW Hydraulic HD 32	Humble Hydraulic 1193 Univis J-26 Univis N 32	Rando HDZ 32
Hydraulic-150	Super Hydraulic 32 SAE10W ISO 32	Hydrailic AW32 Hydraulic Oil Light DTE 24 ETNA 24	AW Hydraulic 32 Tellus 25 Tellus 32 Tellus 927 Tellus Plus 22	AW Hydraulic Oil 32 AW Machine Oil 32 Rykon Oil AW 32 Rykon Oil 32	Humble Hydraulic 1193 Humble Hydraulic H32 Humble Hydraulic H34 Nuto H44	Rando HD 32
Hydraulic-150	Ecoterra 32 SAE10, ISO 32	DTE Excel 32	Tellus S 32	Clarity Hydraulic AW 32	Terrastic EP 32	Rando HD Ashless
Hydraulic-200	Super Hydraulic 46 SAE10W ISO46	DTE 25 ETNA 25 Hydraulic Oil AW 46 Hydraulic Oil Medium Hydrex AW 46 NS 46 Vacrex 46	AW Hydraulic 46 MD Hydraulic Oil AW 46 Tellus 29 Tellus 46 Tellus 929 Tellus Plus 46	AW Hydraulic Oil 46 AW Machine Oil 46 EP Industrial Oil 46 EP Machine Oil 11 Hydraulic Oil 46 Rykon Oil AW 46	Humble Hydraulic 1194 Humble Hydraulic H46 Humble Hydraulic M46 Nuto H46 Nuto H48	Rando HD 46
Hydraulic-300	Super Hydraulic 68 SAE20W ISO68	Hydraulic Oil 68 Hydraulic Oil Heavy DTE 26 ETNA 26	AW Hydraulic 68 Tellus 33 Tellus 68 Tellus 933 Tellus Plus 68	AW Hydraulic Oil 68 AW Machine Oil 68 EP Machine Oil 68 EP Machine Oil 70	Humble Hydraulic 1197 Humble Hydraulic H68 Nuto H54 Nuto H68	Rando HD 68

The following chart may be used to help determine the proper ISO grade hydraulic fluid to use with your system by referencing the manufacturer and model pump used in your equipment or fluid powered system. In the chart below, the ISO grade (32, 46, 68) fluid to be used should fall within the range of the optimum cSt listed in the right-hand column. 

Manufacturer	Equipment	Min cSt	Max cSt	Optimum cSt
Bosch	FA;RA;K.	15	216	26 - 45
Bosch	Q;Q-6;SV-10, 15, 20, 25, VPV 16, 25, 32.	21	216	32 - 54
Bosch	SV-40; 80 &100 VPV 45, 63.	32	216	43 - 64
Bosch	Radial Piston (SECO)	10	65	21 - 54
Bosch	Axial & RKP Piston	14	450	32 - 65
Commercial Intertech	Roller and Sleeve Bearing Gear Pumps.	10	-	20
Danfoss	All	10	-	21 - 39
Denison	Piston Pumps	13	-	24 - 31
Denison	Vane Pumps	10	107	30
Dynex/Rivett axial piston pumps	PF4200 Series	1.5	372	20 - 70
Dynex/Rivett axial piston pumps	PF2006/8, PF/PV4000, and PF/PV6000 series.	2.3	413	20 - 70
Dynex/Rivett axial piston pumps	PF 1000,PF2000 and PF3000 series.	3.5	342	20 - 70
Eaton	Heavy Duty Piston Pumps and Motors, Medium Duty Piston Pumps and Motors Charged Systems, Light Duty Pumps.	6	-	10 - 39
Eaton	Medium Duty Piston Pumps and Motors - Non-charged Systems.	6	-	10 - 39
Eaton	Gear Pumps, Motors and Cylinders.	6	-	10 - 43
Eaton - Vickers	Mobile Piston Pumps	10	200	16 - 40
Eaton - Vickers	Industrial Piston Pumps	13	54	16 - 40
Eaton - Vickers	Mobile Vane Pumps	9	54	16 - 40
Eaton - Vickers	Industrial Vane Pumps	13	54	16 - 40
Eaton - Char-Lynn	J, R, and S Series Motors and Disc Valve Motors	13	-	20 - 43
Eaton - Char-Lynn	A Series and H Series Motors	20	-	20 - 43
Haldex Barnes	W Series Gear Pumps	11	-	21
Kawasaki P-969-0026	Staffa Radial Piston Motors	25	150	50
Kawasaki P-969-0190	K3V/G Axial Piston Pumps	10	200	-
Linde	All	10	80	15 - 30
Mannesmann Rexroth	V3 , V4, V5, V7 Pumps	25	-	25 - 160
Mannesmann Rexroth	V2 Pumps	16	160	25 - 160
Mannesmann Rexroth	G2, G3,G4 pumps & motors; G8, G9, G10 pumps	10	300	25 - 160
Parker Hannifin	Gerotor Motors	8	-	12 - 60
Parker Hannifin	Gear Pumps PGH Series. Gear Pumps D/H/M Series	-	-	17 - 180
Parker Hannifin	Hydraulic Steering	8	-	12 - 60
Parker Hannifin	PFVH / PFVI vane pumps	-	-	17 - 180
Parker Hannifin	Series T1	10	-	10 - 400
Parker Hannifin	VCR2 Series	13	-	-
Parker Hannifin	Low Speed High Torque Motors	10	-	-
Parker Hannifin	Variable Vol Piston Pumps. PVP & PVAC	-	-	17 - 180
Parker Hannifin	Axial Fixed Piston Pumps	-	-	12 - 100
Parker Hannifin	Variable Vol Vane - PVV	-	-	16 - 110
Poclain Hydraulics	H and S series motors	9	-	20 - 100
Sauer-Sundstrand USA	All	6.4	-	13
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbH	Series 10 and 20, RMF(hydrostatic motor)	7	-	12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbH	Series 15 open circuit	12	-	12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbH	Series 40, 42, 51 & 90 CW S-8 hydrostatic motor	7	-	12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbH	Series 45	9	-	12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbH	Series 60, LPM(hydrostatic motor)	9	-	12 - 60
Sauer-Sundstrand GmbH	Gear Pumps + Motors	10	-	12 - 60

Advantages and disadvantages of Diesel Power Plants

Adopting diesel power plants for electricity generation comes with both advantages and disadvantages. Here's a breakdown of each:

Advantages:

1. Flexibility and Mobility: Diesel power plants are highly flexible and can be easily transported and installed, making them suitable for temporary or remote power generation needs. They can serve as reliable backup power sources for critical facilities such as hospitals, data centers, and telecommunications infrastructure.

2. Quick Start-up and Response Time: Diesel generators can start up quickly and ramp up to full capacity within minutes, providing rapid response to sudden changes in demand or emergencies. This makes them well-suited for applications where fast power delivery is essential, such as grid stabilization or peak shaving.

3. High Efficiency in Small-Scale Applications: Diesel engines can achieve high levels of efficiency, particularly in smaller-scale applications where they can operate near their optimal load conditions. This makes them cost-effective for powering standalone facilities or remote communities that are not connected to the main electrical grid.

4. Fuel Availability and Storage: Diesel fuel is readily available in most regions and can be stored onsite for extended periods without degradation. This ensures fuel security and reliability, especially in areas with limited access to other fuel sources.

5. Low Initial Investment: Compared to other types of power plants, diesel generators generally have lower upfront capital costs, making them attractive for small-scale or temporary power generation projects.

Disadvantages:

1. Fuel Cost and Price Volatility: Diesel fuel prices can be volatile and subject to fluctuations in global oil markets, leading to unpredictable operating costs for diesel power plants. In regions where diesel fuel is expensive or scarce, operating diesel generators can be economically challenging.

2. Fuel Efficiency at Partial Loads: Diesel engines are most efficient when operating at or near full load. At partial loads, their efficiency decreases significantly, resulting in higher fuel consumption and operating costs. This can be a disadvantage in applications with varying or intermittent power demand.

3. Environmental Impact: Diesel engines emit pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2), contributing to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Despite advancements in emission control technologies, diesel generators still have environmental impacts that need to be mitigated, especially in densely populated or environmentally sensitive areas.

4. Noise and Vibration: Diesel generators can be noisy and produce vibrations during operation, which may be a concern in urban or residential areas. Noise mitigation measures, such as soundproof enclosures and mufflers, may be necessary to minimize the impact on surrounding communities.

5. Maintenance and Reliability: Diesel engines require regular maintenance, including oil and filter changes, fuel system servicing, and periodic inspections, to ensure reliable operation and prevent breakdowns. The reliability of diesel generators depends on proper maintenance practices and timely repairs, which can increase operating costs and downtime if not managed effectively.

The principle of operation of the four-stroke diesel engine

Diesel engine is the prime mover, which drives an alternator to produce electrical energy. In

the diesel engine, air is drawn into the cylinder and is compressed to a high ratio (14:1 to 25:1). During this compression, the air is heated to a temperature of 700–900°C. A metered quantity of diesel fuel is then injected into the cylinder, which ignites spontaneously because of the high temperature. Hence, the diesel engine is also known as compression ignition (CI) engine.

DG set can be classified according to cycle type as: two-stroke and four stroke. However, the bulk of IC engines use the four stroke cycle. Let us look at the principle of operation of the

four-stroke diesel engine.

Four Stroke - Diesel Engine

The 4 stroke operations in a diesel engine are: induction stroke, compression stroke, ignition

and power stroke and exhaust stroke.

1st : Induction stroke - while the inlet valve is open, the descending piston draws in

fresh air.

2nd : Compression stroke - while the valves are closed, the air is compressed to a pressure of

up to 25 bar.

3rd : Ignition and power stroke - fuel is injected, while the valves are closed (fuel injection

actually starts at the end of the previous stroke), the fuel ignites spontaneously and

the piston is forced downwards by the combustion gases.

4th : Exhaust stroke - the exhaust valve is open, and the rising piston discharges the spent

gases from the cylinder. Detail Click

Fig: Schematic Diagram of Four-Stroke Diesel Engine

                                                          Fig:  DG Set System

                                           

Formulas of HFO Power Plant Efficiency Calculation

Heat Rate (Energy Efficiency)

Overall thermal performance or energy efficiency for a power plant for a period can be defined as

φhr = H / E         (1)

where

φhr = heat rate (Btu/kWh, kJ/kWh)

H = heat supplied to the power plant for a period (Btu, kJ)

E = energy output from the power plant in the period (kWh)

Thermal Efficiency

Thermal efficiency of a power plant can be expressed as

μte = (100) (3412.75) / φ          (2)

where

μte = thermal efficiency (%)

Capacity Factor

The capacity factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and rated load for a period of time and can be expressed as

μcf = (100) Pal / Prl               (3)

where

μcf = capacity factor (%)

Pal = average load for the power plant for a period (kW) Prl = rated capacity for the power plant (kW)

Load Factor

Load factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and peak load and can be expressed as

μlf = (100) Pal / Ppl                (4)

where

μlf = load factor (%)

Ppl = peak load for the power plant in the period (kW)

Economic Efficiency

Economic efficiency is the ratio between production costs, including fuel, labor, materials and services, and energy output from the power plant for a period of time. Economic efficiency can be expressed as

φee = C / E         (5)

where

φee = economic efficiency (cents/kW, euro/kW, ...) C = production costs for a period (cents, euro, ..)

E = energy output from the power plant in the period (kWh)

Operational Efficiency

Operational efficiency is the ratio of the total electricity produced by the plant during a period of time compared to the total potential electricity that could have been produced if the plant operated at 100 percent in the period.

Operational efficiency can be expressed as

μoe = (100) E / E100%               (6)

where

μeo = operational efficiency (%)

E = energy output from the power plant in the period (kWh)

E100% = potential energy output from the power plant operated at 100% in the period (kWh)