When the synchronous
generator is pushing reactive power into the electrical system we say the
machine is over-excited. When the synchronous generator is absorbing reactive
power from the electrical system, it is under-excited. So, the reactive power
output of the generator is associated with the generator field current, provided
by the excitation system.
But note that we do
not control reactive power output of a generator, at least in terms of
automatic control. Synchronous machines are usually operated on automatic voltage
regulator (AVR) mode, so we are actually controlling voltage. The reactive
power output of the generator is thus automatically adjusted as needed to maintain
the specified voltage.
Conversely, if you try
to control reactive power output or power factor in a generator, you will not
be able to control voltage.
And we should operate
the synchronous generators on AVR because of stability, the AVR is a proven solution
to several stability issues (steady state stability and transient stability).
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