An Introduction to Water Turbines including an analysis of the impact of a jet on a turbine vane or blade


Introduction

The British Government and the EU demands that the quantity electricity generated using fossil fuels be greatly reduced. The "green" alternatives such as wind wave and solar power are Dependant on climatic conditions and tidal power has great difficulty in generating continually over a 24 hour period. This is a real problem to the electricity supply companies who need to ensure that the demand for electricity can always be met This is no difficulty at present, since the quantity of "Green " electricity produced is not a significant percentage of the total, but as the number of wind farms increase, this will change. In many countries the majority of the power generation relies on steam turbines. These are highly efficient BUT inflexible. Basically they have to be kept spinning and they can not be quickly shut down or started.
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
Hydro electricity a reliable form of renewable energy. Water turbines are highly efficient and easily controlled to provide power as and when it is needed. In addition, currently the only system available to store large quantities of electrical power, is pumped storage. This involves pumping water into a high level reservoir. This can happen when the demand for electricity is low, at night for-instance. When the demand is high the supply can be rapidly increased by running the stored water through Turbines.
Turbines can be divided into two basic basic types. These are Impulse Turbines and Reaction Turbines.
Impulse Turbines
In these the whole of the available energy of the water is converted to Kinetic Energy before the water acts on the moving parts of the turbine. In this type of turbine the cups or wheel passages are never entirely filled with water. To achieve this the turbine must be mounted slightly above the tail race.
Reaction Turbines

In Reaction Turbines the rotation is mainly achieved by the reaction forces created by the acceleration of the water in the runner. The basic principle is the same as a rotating lawn sprinkler in which water enters the arms of the sprinkler at low velocity and leaves through the jets at high velocity. The exact manner in which this acceleration is achieved in Turbines depends upon the whether the runner is of the Propeller, Kaplin, Francis or Deriaz type.
The great variety possible in the geometry of the runner, makes Reaction Turbines suitable for a wide range of applications. In all types it is normal for a fraction of the hydraulic pressure to be converted into velocity as it passes through the inlet structure which consists of a spiral casing and a gate apparatus leading to the runner. The power from the water (Pressure and Velocity) is then converted into mechanical power in the runner. It is usual for the exit pressure from the runner to be below atmospheric. This is achieved by using a Draft Tube.
Axial Flow Turbines
Propeller and Kaplan have axial flow runners and are used for the lower heads. They are particular suitable for large installations. At low heads (Below 25 ft.) the running speed can be twice that of a Francis Turbine but even so the running speed of high output propeller turbines is less than 100 r.p.m. The fixed vane design of the propeller turbine does not lead to flexibility and the machines need to be run at or near their optimum output. At below 75% load the efficiency falls rapidly. To overcome this problem the
was developed. It is essentially a propeller turbine with variable blade angles. An interesting variation on the traditional design uses a horizontal shaft and an electric generator mounted in a metal shell which sits in the water-flow. Such machines are particularly suitable for very low heads and were developed for a French Tidal Power scheme.
Mixed Flow Turbines
The Francis Turbine is probably the most commonly used type of Turbine. It can operate from very low heads of about 10 ft. up to about 2000 ft. Turbines operating at these heads must have a large output since the low water quantities and the size of the water passages within the runner make construction difficult. At very low heads Propeller Turbines are usually a more economic solution.
A development of the Kaplan Turbine with a variable pitch design that improves the efficiency under less than full load at medium heads has been developed and is called the Deriaz Turbine after its inventor.
In these there is a pressure which in some cases amounts to half the head in the clearance space between the guide vanes and the wheel vanes.
The velocity with which the water enters the wheel is due to the difference between the pressure due to the head and the pressure in the clearance space.

1 comment:

  1. This information is knowledgeable for us.... to knowing about the how to work and what is water turbine thanks you so much......

    ReplyDelete


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